Sir , i wanted to know how can i settle in US OR ENGLAND , after completing my MS ENT from India

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Admin Staff asked 1 year ago

What exams i have to go through ?
I am about to complete my MS ENT this yr june.

Question Tags: MRCS ENT

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Admin Staff answered 1 year ago

[06/01, 8:16 am] World Surgery Forum: You can first start with clearing MRCS ENT

[06/01, 8:22 am] World Surgery Forum: You can start right away. For MRCS ENT, there is no mandatory requirement of any work experience, your experience during ENT residency will be helpful to clear OSCE clinical part of the exam.

[06/01, 8:22 am] World Surgery Forum: Because the Indian medical specialist training is only three years, the Indian ENT qualification is not equivalent to the UK’s. One must either retrain in the UK, or apply for a Certificate Eligible for Specialist Registration (CESR) to be included in the General Medical Council (GMC). CESR is the collection of evidence over the past five years that demonstrates the same knowledge and experience in ENT. You must also gather evidence to support medical training. This involves spending time in clinics and medical wards to obtain the necessary competencies. To increase their chances of passing the CESR, it would be good if you have cleared MRCS ENT.

[06/01, 8:26 am] World Surgery Forum: Check out this link to understand more about MRCS ENT.. part 1 will be regular MRCS common with general surgery. Part 2 will be OSCE based exam
[06/01, 8:26 am] World Surgery Forum: https://worldsurgeryforum.net/question/is-mrcs-equally-effective-for-ent-surgeon-as-compared-to-general-surgeon https://worldsurgeryforum.net/question/is-mrcs-equally-effective-for-ent-surgeon-as-compared-to-general-surgeon
[06/01, 8:27 am] World Surgery Forum: https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/education-and-exams/exams/mrcs-exam-locations-and-dates/https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/education-and-exams/exams/mrcs-exam-locations-and-dates/

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Admin answered 1 year ago

[09/01, 7:09 am] World Surgery Forum: Yes, MRCS is a test for Basics and General Surgery. MRCS Part A is MCQ test and Part B is OSCE (CLINICAL) Related to general surgery.

[09/01, 7:11 am] World Surgery Forum: From 2022, they are going to start MRCS ENT. Until 2021 they used have DOHNS which they have rebranded as MRCS ENT. Part A of MRCS will be common between MRCS Gen Surgery and MRCS ENT.

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This is part 2 of Peripheral Vascular Surgery MCQs Quiz with Answers. The quiz has 20 questions. Click the start button to start the quiz. Upon answering each question, the explanation will be displayed for quick learning and revision. At the end of the quiz your final score will be displayed.

[ays_quiz id="21"]

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Current Edition of Bailey and Love Surgery - 28th edition

The latest edition of Bailey and Love as of January 2023 is 28th Edition. The publishing/ launch date for 28th edition is 3 December 2022. Previous edition release dates are as follows:

27th - 16 Nov 2018
26th - 18 Feb 2013
25th - 27 Jun 2008
24th - 26 Mar 2004
23rd - 25 Apr 2000

As per this trend it seems that they publish a new edition of bailey and love every 4-5 years. So I guess there is a long wait for Bailey and Love 28th edition to get published. You could expect the 29th edition of Bailey and Love surgery to come in 2026-2027.

Here is the link to the International Student's Edition of Bailey and Love - 28th Editionthat you can buy at a discounted price in India.

It is considered to be the Best book for surgery for MBBS. It comes as a 2 volume set.

Newly Added Chapters/Units/ Features in Bailey 28th Edition:

Principles of Minimal Access Surgery (Includes: Laparoscopy , Thoracoscopy, Robotic Surgery, HALS, Complications and postop care, Future of robotics and laparoscopy)
Global Health and Surgery (Access to surgery, Surgery and Empovershiment)
New Unit has been added: General Paediatrics - Includes Chapters on Paediatric Surgery, Neonatal Surgery, Trauma in Children, Paediatric Urology)
Functional Disorders of Intestine: Applied Anatomy and Physiology, Tests of Intestinal Function, Obstruction and Pseudo-obstruction, Constipation, Irritable bowel syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
More detailed chapter of Transplantation: Including Kidney Transplantation, Liver Transplantation, Pancreas Transplantation, Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation, Heart and Lung Transplantation
More number of colourful charts, clinical images, diagnostic images, intraoperative images

Past Updates in 27th Edition Bailey

The 27th edition is less bulky and excludes some unimportant things (tables, epidemiological facts etc ) and is more colourful and attractive.Language is very easy to understand. If you are a surgery aspirant, this is the best book for surgery. Not at all like other famous bigger books with small font and endless literature which is not actionable and is low yield. But surgery steps are not given for most of surgeries, so you will have to refer to some operative surgery books for surgical steps. As for those facing problems in exam preparation due to difficulty in recalling after reading Bailey, my advice would be to make your own bullet notes as you read the chapters.

Here is a Youtube video with the interview by the authors of Bailey and Love with their comments and updates about Bailey and Love 27th Edition.

Studying surgery with Bailey & Love: an overview for trainees, students & surgical consultants

Here is another video by Prof. P. Ronan O’Connell, one of the editors of Bailey and Love. In this video he gives his views regarding his future plans for Bailey and Love and what it takes to come up with a new edition.

Testimonial Videos of Bailey and Love textbook by readers

References:

WHICH ONE IS BETTER FOR FINAL YEAR UNDERGRADUATE FOR SURGERY, BAILEY AND LOVE OR SRB?

https://worldsurgeryforum.net/2020/05/Bailey-and-Love-vs-SR B.html

CHANGES IN BAILEY AND LOVE SURGERY 27TH EDITION

https://worldsurgeryforum.net/2018/02/changes-in-bailey-and-love-surgery-27th_9.html Related Posts: Bailey and Love, Bailey and Love 27th Edition, Bailey and Love 28th Edition, bailey and Love Latest Edition

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Spina Bifida Occulta

1. Of the three embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), the neural structures develop from the ectoderm. (MCQ)

2. The neural tube forms from the neural placode at approximately 21 days of gestation (MCQ)

3. It is important to realize that neural tube defects have already formed by the time pregnancy is diagnosed; thus, prevention of these defects by the administration of folic acid has to commence prior to 21 days of gestation. (MCQ)

4. The disorders of spine, vertebral column and nerve roots are included in spinal dysraphisms. They can be classified as spina bifida aperta (open defects, usually apparent) and spina bifida occulta (closed defects, commonly missed by an untrained observer)

Myelomeningocele

5. Myelomeningocele is the most common type of spina bifida aperta (MCQ)

6. Thoracic defects have the highest incidence of weakness and sacral defects often have only bladder involvement. (MCQ)

7. Hydrocephalus is present in 80% of patients. (MCQ)

Spinal Dysraphism: A child with Dorso-Lumbar Myelomeningocoele

8. Thoracic defects have the highest incidence and low sacral defects the lowest incidence of hydrocephalus. (MCQ)

9. Spina bifida is associated with Chiari II malformation. It occurs in 90% to 95% of cases. (MCQ)

10. Associated brain anomalies include corpus callosal anomalies, fused tectal plates, and thalamic fusion.

11. Surgical closure of the myelomeningocele is undertaken within 24 to 48 hours of birth to avoid CNS infection (MCQ)

12. Of children with myelomeningocele, 60% to 70% will ultimately require a shunt insertion (MCQ)

13. Only 15% to 30% of children will require a Chiari decompression (MCQ)

14. Children with Myelomenigocele have a 20% to 65% incidence of latex allergies. Thus universal latex allergy precautions are adopted for this group of children (MCQ)

15. There is no specific treatment for occult spina bifida if the abnormality is limited to the bone. Usually these deformities are found at the last lumbar vertebrae (L5) or at the first sacral vertebrae (S1)

16. - The term spina bifida occulta includes following:

a. Simple Spina Bifida Occulta: Mildest form of spina bifida. Usually asymptomatic.

b. Dermal Sinus: Dermal sinus tract from the cutaneous to spinal subarachnoid space. It can cause ascending infection

c. Diastematomyelia: Spinal cord is split into two hemicords, often by a bony or fibrous band that tethers the cord. Needs to be repaired surgically

d. Lipomyelomeningocele: There is fatty tissue in the spinal cord and in the spinal canal tethering the cord. Associated neurologic deficits, although uncommon at birth, usually develop later because of the tethering

CLASSIFICATION OF ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATIONS

https://worldsurgeryforum.net/2019/12/classification-of-arnold-chiari.html

ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION RADIOLOGY AND BASIC CONCEPTS

https://worldsurgeryforum.net/2020/05/arnold-chiari-malformation-radiology.html

SPINAL DYSRAPHISM : QUICK TOPIC REVIEW AND MCQ POINTS

https://worldsurgeryforum.net/2019/10/spinal-dysraphism-quick-topic-review.html

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What are Arnold Chiari Malformations?

These comprise a group of abnormalities involving the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and the contents of the CV junction
With common feature of impaired CSF circulation through the foramen magnum
May be Congenital or Acquired
Ranging from simple herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum to complete agenesis of the cerebellum
Presently there is no consensus regarding the precise definition, classification, etiology and the surgical management
Five types
No anatomical or embryological correlation between them

Historical Background of Arnold Chiari Malformations

1883, John Cleland (Professor of anatomy in Glasgow, Scotland) - described hindbrain hernia in a child with myelodysplasia.
1891 and 1896, Hans Chiari- (Professor of Pathology at German University, Prague, Czechoslovakia): analyzed data from >40 postmortem examinations of patients with hindbrain malformations
Chiari malformations I, II and III were coined in the earlier work and Chiari malformation IV was added in 1896 publication.
1894, Julius A. Arnold(Professor of Pathology at Heidelberg, Germany)- described a single myelodysplastic patient with associated hindbrain herniation.
Schwalbe & Gerdig included Arnold name in the eponym & designated it ARNOLD –CHIARI malformation

What are the types of Chiari Malformations?

Chiari type 0 malformation

alteration in Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics at the level of the foramen magnum.
they have syringomyelia either without tonsil herniation or with only mild tonsil herniation

Chiari Type I malformation

caudal herniation of the cerebellar tonsils more than 5 mm below the foramen magnum
typically associated with hydrosyringomyelia.
not usually accompanied by descent of the brain stem or IV ventricle, nor associated with the presence of hydrocephalus.
Most common type
Presents in young

Chiari type II malformation

caudal herniation of the cerebellar vermis, brain stem, and IV ventricle through the foramen magnum.
associated with myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, and, less frequently, hydrosyringomyelia.
hypoplastic tentorium cerebelli, cranial lacunae, anomalies of the Sylvius aqueduct may exist.

Chiari type III malformation

consists of occipital encephalocoele, with some of the intracranial defects associated with Chiari II malformation.

Chiari type IV malformation

cerebellar aplasia or hypoplasia, associated with aplasia of the tentorium cerebelli.

Images showing various Chiari malformations

Image of a Type 1 Arnold-Chiari Malformation. The cerebellum has descended 7mm and there are herniated cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum.

Artist's representation of a Chiari II malformation showing the points of potential obstruction that yield different subtypes of hydrocephalus

Neonate with Chiari malformation type III.T2-weighted mid-sagittal MRI scan of the patient shows a small posterior fossa, an deep parieooccipitalis fissure (open arrow), ad a partial callosal agenesis (curved arrow), and a caudal herniation of part of the brain stem through the foramen magnum, with inferior tip appearing between C5 and C6 (closed arrow). (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043315302697)

T1 weighted sagittal MRI showing a so called “Chiari IV” or primary cerebellar agenesis. There is a tiny portion of residual quadrangular lobule just caudal to the tectum and a normal sized posterior fossa. No associated meningomyelocele is present.

References

Greenberg Handbook of Neurosurgery
Fernández AA, Guerrero AI, Martínez MI, et al. Malformations of the craniocervical junction (Chiari type I and syringomyelia: classification, diagnosis and treatment). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1. Published 2009 Dec 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-10-S1-S1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796052/
Hidalgo JA, Varacallo M. Arnold Chiari Malformation. [Updated 2019 Nov 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431076/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MRI_of_human_brain_with_type-1_Arnold-Chiari_malformation_and_herniated_cerebellum_es.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chiari2.jpg
Chiari malformation type III: Case report and review of the literature. Christina Andica, Ristaniah D. Soetikno. Radiology Case Reports, 8, 3, 2013 https://doi.org/10.2484/rcr.v8i3.831
The Chiari malformations. Donald M. Hadley. Neurology in Practice, 72, 2, 2002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.72.suppl_2.ii38

CLASSIFICATION OF ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATIONS

https://worldsurgeryforum.net/2019/12/classification-of-arnold-chiari.html

ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION RADIOLOGY AND BASIC CONCEPTS

https://worldsurgeryforum.net/2020/05/arnold-chiari-malformation-radiology.html

SPINAL DYSRAPHISM : QUICK TOPIC REVIEW AND MCQ POINTS

https://worldsurgeryforum.net/2019/10/spinal-dysraphism-quick-topic-review.html

Continue reading →

Below is a Neurosurgery MCQ Quiz with 50 questions randomly selected from various topics including Neuroncology, General Neurosurgery, Brain Trauma, Spine Surgery, Vascular Neurosurgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery etc. This quiz has 50 MCQ style questions. Each page has 10 questions. Upon answering each question, the explanation will be displayed for quick learning and revision. At the end of the quiz your final score will be displayed.

For topic wise Neurosurgery MCQs check out at the links below:

Neuroncology (Brain Tumor) MCQ - Part 1, Part 2
Head Trauma (Traumatic Brain Injury) MCQ - Part 1, Part 2
General Neurosurgery
Spine Surgery MCQ
Vascular Neurosurgery - Part 1
Pediatric Neurosurgery
Neuroanatomy - Part 1, Part 2, Part 3
Epilepsy - Part 1

Sample Neurosurgery MCQ Test with 50 questions

[ays_quiz id="1"]

"Vascular neurosurgery has always been at the forefront of neurosurgical advances, requiring a combination of decision making, critical care support, microsurgical skill, and advanced surgical technology. The need to secure unstable intracranial aneurysms was identified by Harvey Cushing (1923), but the first modern-era clipping procedure was performed by Walter Dandy in 1937 (Dandy 1938). Since then, the progressive evolution of devices, particularly the operating microscope, has resulted in intracranial surgery to secure aneurysms presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage, or otherwise, becoming routine procedure.

The latest era of aneurysm treatment has seen the meteoric rise and acceptance of endovascular treatment by interventional radiologists. Endosaccular obliteration by insertion of silver wire was first reported in 1941 (Werner et al 1941). During the 1970s and 1980s, the evolution of catheters and detachable devices, most importantly metal coils, resulted in the ability to secure intracranial aneurysms without the need for operative trauma or dissection to the brain. However, even the earliest studies of modern coiling techniques pointed towards some limitations of these techniques and suggested that some aneurysms might be more challenging or unsuitable for endovascular therapy (Vinuela et al 1997). These difficulties were partially addressed over the 1990s by development of balloon and stent-assisted coiling techniques."

Sir , i wanted to know how can i settle in US OR ENGLAND , after completing my MS ENT from India

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